Katharine Graham Newspaper Publisher, Watergate Figure

Known for:  Katharine Graham (June 16, 1917 - July 17, 2001) was one of the most powerful women in America through her ownership of the Washington Post. She is  known for her role in the Posts disclosures during the Watergate scandal Early Years Katharine Graham was born in 1917 as Katharine Meyer. Her mother, Agnes Ernst Meyer, was an educator and her father, Eugene Meyer, was a publisher. She was raised in New York and Washington, DC. She studied at The Madeira School, then Vassar College.   She finished up her study at the University of Chicago. Washington Post Eugene Meyer purchased The Washington Post in 1933 when it was in bankruptcy.   Katharine Meyer began working for the Post five years later, editing letters.   She married Philip Graham in June, 1940.   He was a Supreme Court clerk working for Felix Frankfurter, and was a graduate of Harvard Law School. In 1945 Katherine Graham left the Post to raise her family.   They had a daughter and three sons. In 1946,  Philip Graham became publisher of the Post and bought out Eugene Meyers voting stock. Katherine Graham later reflected on being troubled that her father had given his son-in-law, and not his daughter, control of the paper. During this time the Washington Post Company also acquired the Times-Herald and Newsweek magazine. Philip Graham was also involved in politics, and helped talk John F. Kennedy into taking Lyndon B. Johnson as his vice presidential running mate in 1960.   Philip struggled with alcoholism and depression. Inheriting Control of the Post In 1963, Philip Graham committed suicide.  Katharine Graham assumed control of the Washington Post Company, surprising many by her success when she had no experience. From 1969 to 1979 she was also publisher of the newspaper.   She did not marry again. Pentagon Papers Under Katharine Grahams leadership, The Washington Post became known for its hard-hitting investigations, including the publication of the secret Pentagon Papers against the advice of lawyers and against government directives. The Pentagon Papers were government documents about the Vietnam involvement of the United States, and the government did not want them released.   Graham decided it was a First Amendment issue. This led to a landmark Supreme Court decision. Katharine Graham and Watergate The next year, the Posts reporters, Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein, investigated White House corruption in what was known as the Watergate scandal. Between the Pentagon Papers and Watergate, Graham and the newspaper are sometimes credited with bringing about the fall of Richard Nixon, who resigned in the wake of the Watergate revelations.   The Post received a Pulitzer Prize for meritorious public service for their its role in the Watergate investigations. Post-Watergate From 1973 to 1991 Katharine Graham, known to many as Kay, was board chairman and chief executive officer of the Washington  Post Company. She remained Chairman of the Executive Committee until her death.   In 1975, she opposed union demands from workers at the press, and hired workers to replace them, breaking the union. In 1997, Katharine Graham published her memoirs as  Personal History. The book was lauded for its honest portrayal of her husbands mental illness. She was awarded the Pulitzer Prize in 1998 for this autobiography. Katharine Graham was injured in a fall in Idaho in June of  2001 and died of her head injury on July 17 of that year. She certainly was, in the words of an ABC newscast, one of the twentieth centurys most powerful and interesting women. Also known as:  Kay Graham, Katharine Meyer, Katharine Meyer Graham, sometimes erroneously spelled Katherine Graham Selected Katharine Graham Quotations †¢ To love what you do and feel that it matters — how could anything be more fun? †¢ So few grown women like their lives. (1974) †¢ The thing women must do to rise to power is to redefine their femininity. Once, power was considered a masculine attribute. In fact power has no sex. †¢ If one is rich and ones a woman, one can be quite misunderstood. †¢ Some questions dont have answers, which is a terribly difficult lesson to learn. †¢ We live in a dirty and dangerous world. There are some things the general public does not need to know, and shouldnt. I believe democracy flourishes when the government can take legitimate steps to keep its secrets and when the press can decide whether to print what it knows. (1988) †¢ If we had failed to pursue the facts as far as they led, we would have denied the public any knowledge of an unprecedented scheme of political surveillance and sabotage.  (on Watergate) Also known as:  Kay Graham, Katharine Meyer, Katharine Meyer Graham, sometimes erroneously spelled Katherine Graham

A Short Note On Diabetes Mellitus And Type II Diabetes

Methodology Diabetes Mellitus is defined as â€Å"a group of metabolic diseases in which the person has high blood glucose (blood sugar), either because insulin production is inadequate, or because the body s cells do not respond properly to insulin, or both† (MacGill, 2016). It is classified into three types. Gestational diabetes manifests in women during pregnancy. There is a high level of blood glucose and the body cannot produce enough insulin to process it. Type I diabetes is also called Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. It is immune-related and characterized by the body’s inability to produce insulin. Type II diabetes is often referred to as non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus and has different etiology than type I. In this condition the receptors lose the ability to respond to insulin. It is a progressive and chronic condition which is diagnosed later in life. This paper focuses on type II, and the word diabetes is used to refer to type II diabetes. Many factors play a role in its development including genetic, environmental, and behavioral. It can be prevented by intervention during pre-diabetes phase which typically spans from 10 to 12 years. I want to explore more about prevention and research that in the presence of genetic susceptibility, what role lifestyle intervention plays to prevent diabetes. This research aims to address the following question: Can proper diet and moderate exercise (lifestyle intervention) delay the onset of diabetes? I believe bothShow MoreRelatedA Short Note On Diabetes Mellitus Type II1041 Words   |  5 Pagespaper is Diabetes Mellitus Type II. Diabetes is one of the major chronic diseases caused by the insulin resistance that body generates within. It is a serious public health issue currently. There are different types of diabetes we encounter nowadays, but the three main types are Type I, Type II and gestational diabetes (Diabetes Mellitus,2005-2016). 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Incidence Diabetes is actually the fifth leading cause of deathsRead MoreExploring The Negative Effects Of Maternal Obesity1675 Words   |  7 Pagesnormal BMI. By using non probability convenience sampling, they selected a sample size of 220 gravid women: 110 obese women and 110 non-obese women. Their selection criteria included obese women with BMI with more than 29 kg/m square; gestational diabetes (glucose level of 8 mmol/l and 2 hour post glucose level 11mmol/l); and hypertension after 20 weeks of pregnancy. Their BMI was calculated as kg/m squared and grouped into obese (BMI29 kg/m2) and non-obese (BMI 19.8-26 kg/m2). The data was analyzedRead MoreNeeds Artificial Insulin3758 Words   |  16 Pagespancreas digestive cells were gone (died and were absorbed by the immune system) and the only thing left was thousands of pancreatic islets. They then isolated the protein from these islets and behold, they discovered insulin. 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Research Design Business Research Methods

Question: Discuss about the Research Design for Business Research Methods. Answer: Introduction Gym has become an important part for the fitness of the people. Most of the people usually go to gym to stay fit. They have different proportions of height and weight and their Body Mass Index vary from each other (Yu et al., 2014). The customers go to the gym for various purpose like gaining strength or losing weight. Data had been collected on surveying the customers of the gym. In this assignment, these collected data would be analyzed using statistical techniques. Analysis and interpretation of this collected data would provide an idea about the chosen gym. Graphs and charts would be provided in this assignment in order to support the analysis of the data. Review of academic sources As per the survey on 996 adults for the data of gym, it was seen that 452 samples had responded to the survey. As per the viewpoint of Yu et al. (2014), it was seen the samples who have lesser amount of moderate intensity have higher value of BMI and higher value of overall worse health. Thus, it was seen that a relationship exists between the intensity of physical activity and the BMI of the sample. On spending ample amount of time in gym, higher intensity of physical activity is performed which improves the health condition of the respondents. Thus, 20 percent of the variance of BMI is explained by the intensity of the physical activity performed by the respondent. Simple bivariate analysis Two numerical variables, height and weight are selected for the purpose of the analysis. Scatter plot is drawn for these two variables in order to find the relationship between them. The scatter plot of the two numerical variables is given below: The scatter plot shows that the direction of data for height and weight is an increasing trend. It can be interpreted that with the increase in height, there is an increase in the weight of the sample. The mean of the numerical variable height was found to be 170.55 units while the mean of the weight was found to be 76.36 units. The standard deviation of the numerical variable height was found to be 12.81 units while the standard deviation of the numerical variable weight was found to be 15.22 units (Kock, 2013). It is seen that both the numerical variables height and weight are moderately distributed over the data set. It is seen that with the increase in the height, there is an increase in the weight of the person. On considering the file of proposed change data, it was seen that 758 customers had supported the proposed change while 242 customers do not support the proposed change. Managerial advice From the given data, it was found that BMI and Minutes spend on cardio are two important factors as amount of time spent of exercises of cardio influences the BMI of the person. It is seen that the average value of BMI lies in the range of 18.5 to 25 kg/m2. When any people have BMI above 25 kg/m2, it is termed as overweight. It is advised that the people having their BMI above 25 kg/m2, would be advised to spend more time on the cardio machines so that they can reduce their BMI and have a fit physic. Analysis of the data in context of proposed change On analyzing the data, it was seen that the 95% confidence interval of the customers who have their BMI above 25 kg/m2 was found to be (0.54592, 0.73408), where 0.54592 is the lower limit of the interval and 0.73408 is the upper limit of the interval (Vogt Barta, 2013). One sample t-test was performed to test the claim that more than 50 percent of the customers support the change in the given proposal. The z value of this one sample t-test for proportion was found to be 2.916667 and the p value of the test was found to be 0.001769. This p value of the test was found to be less than 0.05 (Candela et al., 2014). The hypothesis of the test can be written as: H0: p = p0 and H1: p p0. At 5 percent level of significance, the p value of the test was found to be significant and this leads to the rejection of null hypothesis. Thus, it can be interpreted that more than 50 percent of the customers support the proposed change in their gym It can be concluded that the average value of height and weight was found to be 170.55 units and 76.36 units respectively. The standard deviation of the two numerical variables height and weight was found to be 12.81 untis and 15.22 units. The proposed change in the gym was advised to segregate the customers who have their BMI above 25 kg/m2. This proposed change was found to be supported by more than 50 percent of the customers. The 95% confidence interval of the customers who have their BMI above 25 kg/m2 was found to be (0.54592, 0.73408). Abuses of statistics The issues with questionnaire are that the samples were selected from America and Germany. Samples from other countries were not considered in this case and thus, it would not provide the overall views of the customers in context of gym. Other measures of statistics like correlation and regression could have been used to find the relationship between the variables. Limitations of quantitative research There are various limitations of quantitative researches. It is seen that quantitative research is time consuming and expensive and it is difficult (Creswell, 2013). On asking close ended questions, the respondents sometimes cannot understand the objective of the questions and they do not provide correct option which leads to the biasness in the data. Structured close ended questions leads to limited outcomes in a generalized form (Field, 2015). Another limitation involves use of extensive statistical analysis on analyzing the quantitative data. References Candela, A., Brigand, G., Aronica, G. T. (2014). Estimation of flood design hydrographs using bivariate analysis (copula) and distributed hydrological modelling.Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions,2, 27-79. Creswell, J. W. (2013).Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications. Field, T. (2015). The benefits and limitations of quantitative data collection to the literature review data collection. Kock, N. (2013). Using WarpPLS in E-Collaboration Studies: Descriptive Statistics, Settings.Interdisciplinary Applications of Electronic Collaboration Approaches and Technologies,62. Vogt, A., Barta, J. (2013).The making of tests for index numbers: Mathematical methods of descriptive statistics. Springer Science Business Media. Yu, H. S., Zhang, J. J., Kim, D. H., Chen, K. K., Henderson, C., Min, S. D., Huang, H. (2014). Service quality, perceived value, customer satisfaction, and behavioral intention among fitness center members aged 60 years and over.Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal,42(5), 757-767.

Transaction, Operating Accounting Exposures Essay Example Essay Example

Transaction, Operating Accounting Exposures Essay Example Paper Transaction, Operating Accounting Exposures Essay Introduction Transaction, Operating, Accounting (Translation) Exposures Foreign Exchange Exposure – measures the potential for a firm’s profitability, net cash flow, and market value to alter because of a change in exchange rates. Q: What are the three main foreign exchange exposures? A: 1) Transaction Exposure 2) Operating Exposure 3) Accounting Exposure Transaction Exposure – measures changes in the value of outstanding financial obligations incurred prior to a change in exchange rates. Operating Exposure (Economic Exposure, Competitive Exposure, Strategic Exposure) – measures a change in the present value of a firm resulting from any change in future expected operating cash flows caused by unexpected changes in exchange rates. Accounting Exposure (Translation Exposure) – measures accounting-derived changes in owner’s equity as a result of translating foreign currency financial statements into a single reporting currency. Exhibit 8. 1 [pic] Note: In th e fourth quarter of 2001 Amazon. om reported a net income of $5 million, due in part to a one-time foreign currency gain of $16 million. Hedging – To take a position that will rise (or fall) in value to offset a change in value of an existing position. |Benefits of Hedging |Costs of Hedging | |Improved the planning capability of the firm. |Risk-averse strategy that benefits management more than | |Reduced the likelihood of financial distress. i. e. the risk that cash|shareholders. (i. e. shareholders can diversify currency risk on an| |flows will fall below what is required for debt payments and continued|â€Å"as needed† basis) | |operations) |Consumes the firm’s resources and expected cash flows to the firm | |Management has a comparative advantage over shareholders. (i. e. |are not increased. (i. e. gency theory, NPV of hedging is zero, | |understanding the currency risk of the firm and take advantage of a |and FX losses appear on the I/S while hedging are bu ried in | |disequilibrium through selective hedging) |operating and interest expenses) | Transaction Exposure Transaction Exposure – measures changes in the value of outstanding financial obligations incurred prior to a change in exchange rates. Transaction exposure can arise from the following activities:? Purchasing or selling foreign goods and services on credit. Borrowing or lending in another currency.? Foreign exchange contracts. Exhibit 8. 3 The Life Span of Transaction Exposure [pic] Example Expect to collect? 1,000,000 in three months on a sale, minimum acceptable value $1,700,000. Q: What type of transaction exposure has occurred? A: Billing Exposure S0 = $1. 7640/? ES90= $1. 76/? F90= $1. 7540/? iU. K. = 10% per year (2. 5% per quarter) kU. K. = 8% per year (2% per quarter) iU. S. = 8% per year (2% per quarter) kU. S. = 6% per year (1. 5% per quarter) P90ATM = $1. 75 (1. 5% premium) P90OTM = $1. 71 (1% premium) Transaction, Operating Accounting Exposures Essay Body Paragraphs Note: ES90 is the estimated spot rate in three months, â€Å"i† is the borrowing interest rate, and â€Å"k† is the investment interest rate, P90ATM is an at-the-money three-month put option, and P90OTM is an out-of-the-money three month put option. Q: Is the pound expected to appreciate or depreciate? A: Depreciate Q: What is the forward premium/discount on the pound? A: [pic] Q: What are the four alternatives to hedge a transaction exposure? A:1) Remain unhedged 2) Hedge in the forward market 3) Hedge in the money market 4) Hedge in the options market 1) Remain unhedged, collect? 1,000,000 in three months at the new spot rate. pic] 2) Hedge in the forward market, collect? 1,000,000 in three months at $1. 7540/?. [pic] 3) Hedge in the money market, borrow? 975,610 today, and exchange for dollars at the current spot rate ($1. 7640/? ). Invest the $1,720,976 for 90 days, and in 90 days pay back the loan + interest with the? 1,000,000. Q: To construct a money market hedge , how much should the investor borrow today if the annual interest rate is 10% and the company expects to receive? 1,000,000 in 90 days? A: [pic] Q: At what investment rate is the money market hedge superior to the forward contract? A: [pic] pic] Note: Either the forward contract or the money market hedge is better than an uncovered position if the spot rate at time 2 is less than the forward rate. But, if the funds can be invested at anything above 7. 68% (or 1. 92% for 90 days) then the money market hedge is a better option than the forward contract. If the spot rate at time 2 is greater than what can be earned by investing the funds in the company (in this case the funds are invested in the company yielding the company’s WACC of 12% or $1,772,605) then the uncovered hedge would be superior. 4) Hedge in the options market. An at-the-money[1] (ATM) put option is selling for a 1. 5% premium. The cost of the option is (size of the option) x (premium) x (spot rate) = cost, in t his case? 1,000,000 x 0. 015 x $1. 7640 = $26,460. This is the maximum loss, while the maximum gain is the spot price – the cost of the option. [pic] To compare the alternatives, first estimate what you expect spot rates to be, then estimate a range of possible prices, and consider your ability to accept the downside. Then select the best strategy. Some Examples: [pic] Q: Transaction exposure arises from what? A: Sales and expenses that are already contracted for. Operating Exposure Operating Exposure (Economic Exposure, Competitive Exposure, Strategic Exposure) – measures a change in the present value of a firm resulting from any change in future expected operating cash flows caused by unexpected changes in exchange rates. Q: Operating Exposure depends on whether an unexpected change in exchange rates causes unanticipated changes in what? A: Sales volume, sales prices, or operating costs Figure 9. 1 Financial and Operating Cash Flows Between Parent and Subsidiary [pic ] Q: What are four proactive ways to manage operating exposure? A: 1) Matching currency cash flows 2) Risk-sharing agreements 3) Back-to-back or parallel loans 4) Currency swaps Note: Planning for operating exposure depends on the interaction of strategies in finance, marketing, purchasing, and production. Accounting (Translation) Exposure Accounting Exposure (Translation Exposure) – measures accounting-derived changes in owner’s equity as a result of translating foreign currency financial statements into a single reporting currency. Q: What are the financial goals of the multinational enterprise? A:1) To maximize consolidated after-tax income ) To minimize the firm’s effective global tax burden 3) To correct the positioning of the firm’s income, cash flows, and available funds. Note: These goals are frequently seen as inconsistent. Functional currency – the dominate currency used by the foreign subsidiary in its day-to-day operations. Q: What are the two basic methods for the translation of foreign subsidiary financial statements? A: 1) The current rate method 2) The temporal method Current rate method – a method of translating the financial statements of foreign affiliates into the parent’s reporting currency. All assets and liabilities are translated at the current exchange rate. Temporal method – assumes that a number of individual line item assets such as inventory and net plant and equipment are restated regularly to reflect market value. Q: Which method is the most common worldwide? A: The current rate method Q: What are the advantages of the current rate method? A: 1) The variability of reported earnings due to translation gains or losses is eliminated, because the gain or loss on translation goes directly to a reserve account (rather than passing through the income statement). ) Does not distort balance sheet ratios such as the current ratio or debt-to-equity ratio (because the relative proportio ns of the individual balance sheet accounts remain the same. Q: What is the disadvantage of the current rate method? A: 1) It violates the accounting principle of carrying balance sheet accounts at historical costs. Q: What is the advantage of the temporal method? A: 1) Foreign nonmonetary assets are carried at their original cost in the parent’s consolidated statement. Homework Problems Chapter 8 1. Imagine one of the companies from your final project is expecting an $80million payment in one year. The company also expects $20million in expenses in one year. Use real figures or the following: Current spot rate 3. 4x/$ (trend shows 3. 8x/$ two months ago) Interest rates are 14% in your country and 4% in the U. S. Forward contracts are too expensive Based on the current spot rate and relative interest rates, please advise your company on its currency exposure. Chapter 9 2. Imagine one of your companies will soon be exporting to China. Use the following (replace the $ equivalen t with your currency at the current spot price): Current sales of 1,000,000 units per year at a price equivalent to $24 each. Current spot price Rmb8. 2/$, but the H. K. advisory will drop the value next week to Rmb10/$. Direct costs are 75% of the U. S. dollar sales price. Accepting this forecast, advise the company on two options: 1) Maintain the same renminbi price (i. e. no change in price) 2) Raise the price to offset the devaluation and experience a 10% drop in unit volume. A) What would be the short-run (one year) impact of each strategy? B) Which do you recommend? Optional Assignment: (0. 5 participation points) Prepare a write-up on the country you are doing for your final project. (Include GDP, inflation, major exports/imports, major stock exchange, currency, exchange rate, and anything else you find interesting and relevant). use sources like countryreports. org, cia. gov, etc. And remember to compare your country to something (i. e. the U. S. or another country in the re gion). Try to make everything you turn in look â€Å"professional,† imagine you’re getting paid for your work. Please cite your sources throughout the report, and if you could e-mail it to me before next Monday, that’s even better. Final Project These are two great sites to look at for your final project: globaledge. msu. edu www. world-exchanges. org ———————– [1] An at-the-money put, means that the strike price is equal to the current spot price. Meaning an investor is indifferent between exercising the option or going to the market. In this case the forward rate is $1. 7540/? , and the option is $1. 75/? plus 1. 5% premium. We will write a custom essay sample on Transaction, Operating Accounting Exposures Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Transaction, Operating Accounting Exposures Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Transaction, Operating Accounting Exposures Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer